{"id":6153,"date":"2020-07-09T08:56:00","date_gmt":"2020-07-09T06:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daes.pro\/carriere\/everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-nuclear-waste-management-but-were-afraid-to-ask\/"},"modified":"2023-11-15T17:16:03","modified_gmt":"2023-11-15T16:16:03","slug":"everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-nuclear-waste-management-but-were-afraid-to-ask","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/articles-en\/everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-nuclear-waste-management-but-were-afraid-to-ask\/","title":{"rendered":"Everything you always wanted to know about nuclear waste management (but were afraid to ask)!"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6153\" class=\"elementor elementor-6153 elementor-3166\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-628db73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"628db73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;0079ebc&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-custom\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca1274b\" data-id=\"ca1274b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe89205 elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-raven-heading\" data-id=\"fe89205\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"raven-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"raven-widget-wrapper\"><h3 class=\"raven-heading raven-heading-h3\"><span class=\"raven-heading-title \">MA-VL and HA waste from irradiated fuel in nuclear power plants\n<\/span><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c83dd0c elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-raven-post-meta\" data-id=\"c83dd0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"raven-post-meta.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"raven-inline-items raven-icon-list-items raven-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"raven-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-f8d3d44 raven-inline-item\" itemprop=\"datePublished\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"raven-icon-list-text raven-post-meta-item raven-post-meta-item-type-date\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJuly 9, 2020\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"raven-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-bbb15c9 raven-inline-item\" itemprop=\"about\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"raven-icon-list-text raven-post-meta-item raven-post-meta-item-type-terms raven-terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"raven-post-meta-terms-list\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/category\/articles-en\/\" class=\"raven-post-meta-terms-list-item\">Articles<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76dc315 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76dc315\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the major challenges facing<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/portfolio\/energie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nuclear energy<\/a> is the management and storage of high-level, long-lived nuclear waste. They remain dangerously radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years (generally 200,000 years) and require special treatment, regulated by the states that guarantee public safety. In France, nuclear waste is managed by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.andra.fr\/les-dechets-radioactifs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ANDRA <\/a>. It is classified according to two main characteristics: its hazardousness and its lifespan. These characteristics are broken down into six waste categories. In this article, we focus on the following two categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Long-lived intermediate-level waste (ILW)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>high-level waste<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Most of the <strong>LV-AM<\/strong> comes from nuclear fuel support structures, e.g. <strong>zircaloy<\/strong> fuel assembly cladding. The waste is compacted to reduce its volume, then packaged in metal or concrete containers. They represent 3% by volume of all nuclear waste produced in France.<\/p>\n<p><strong>HA<\/strong> comes from spent fuel processing. These are non-reusable residues such as actinides or fission products. They are charred and then vitrified. The glass-waste mixture (3% waste, 97% glass, by mass) is packaged in stainless steel packages, which are sometimes placed in a second steel container. This <strong>HA<\/strong> waste represents 0.2% by volume of all nuclear waste produced in France. They concentrate 96% of radioactivity.<\/p>\n<p>These two categories of waste<strong>(MA-VL and HA<\/strong>) represent a small portion of the total mass or volume of nuclear waste. However, they have periods of several hundred thousand years, and are highly toxic. They are all derived from spent fuel. One solution under study is deep reversible storage.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b42629\" data-id=\"0b42629\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e99b2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-sidebar\" data-id=\"8e99b2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"sidebar.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div id=\"block-5\" class=\"jupiterx-widget widget_block block-5 widget_block\"><div class=\"jupiterx-widget-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Categories<\/h4>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-categories-list wp-block-categories\">\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-144\"><a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/category\/articles-en\/\">Articles<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-244\"><a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/category\/career\/\">Career<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-139\"><a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/category\/news-en\/\">News<\/a>\n<\/li>\n\t<li class=\"cat-item cat-item-247\"><a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/category\/unclassified\/\">Unclassified<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading arch\">Professions<\/h4>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-tag-cloud\"><a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/apps-en\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-158 btn btn-light tag-link-position-1\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"Apps (5 items)\">Apps<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/cfd-en\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-145 btn btn-light tag-link-position-2\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"CFD (6 items)\">CFD<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/cleantech-energy\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-237 btn btn-light tag-link-position-3\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"CleanTech Energy (1 item)\">CleanTech Energy<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/design-thinking-engineering-en\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-163 btn btn-light tag-link-position-4\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"Design thinking engineering (2 items)\">Design thinking engineering<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/dynamic-analysis\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-240 btn btn-light tag-link-position-5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"Dynamic analysis (3 items)\">Dynamic analysis<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/electromagnetic-analysis\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-153 btn btn-light tag-link-position-6\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"Electromagnetic analysis (2 items)\">Electromagnetic analysis<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/mechanical-analysis\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-252 btn btn-light tag-link-position-7\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"Mechanical analysis (1 item)\">Mechanical analysis<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/nuclear\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-164 btn btn-light tag-link-position-8\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"Nuclear (6 items)\">Nuclear<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/particle-physics-simulation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-157 btn btn-light tag-link-position-9\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"Particle physics simulation (2 items)\">Particle physics simulation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/process-simulation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-146 btn btn-light tag-link-position-10\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"Process simulation (1 item)\">Process simulation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/tag\/thermomechanics\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-166 btn btn-light tag-link-position-11\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\" aria-label=\"Thermomechanics (2 items)\">Thermomechanics<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><span class=\"jupiterx-widget-divider\"><\/span><div id=\"block-8\" class=\"jupiterx-widget widget_block block-8 widget_block\"><div class=\"jupiterx-widget-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><span class=\"jupiterx-widget-divider\"><\/span><div id=\"block-9\" class=\"jupiterx-widget widget_block block-9 widget_block\"><div class=\"jupiterx-widget-content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><span class=\"jupiterx-widget-divider\"><\/span>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5143c66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5143c66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;0079ebc&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff79056\" data-id=\"ff79056\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca6841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cca6841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>MA-VL and HA waste management<\/h3>\nThe management of this waste is divided into two phases:\n<ol>\n \t<li><strong>Storage<\/strong>: Temporary, based on the principle of continuous thermal evacuation to cool irradiated fuel.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>Storage:<\/strong> This is definitive and is based on the principle of decreasing levels of radioactivity in irradiated fuel.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nIn this article, we provide an overview of these two management phases, their operating principles and their limits from a sustainable development perspective.\n<h4>Temporary storage of radioactive waste<\/h4>\nWe distinguish two categories of temporary storage systems: pool and dry.\n<h5>Pool storage  <\/h5>\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h6>PRINCIPLE<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nOnce discharged from the reactor, irradiated fuel elements are stored for at least five years in water pools located in the same building housing the nuclear reactor. Each of these fuel elements is stored in cells arranged in a grid at the bottom of the pools.\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h6>STORAGE POOL<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe pools are made of reinforced concrete, with walls lined with welded steel. They are designed to prevent leaks and withstand external events. The main function of pool water is to cool irradiated nuclear fuel in the early stages of radioactive decay. This process enables the residual heat generated by the fuel to be continuously removed.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e448da7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-raven-image\" data-id=\"e448da7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"raven-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"raven-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"896\" height=\"598\" src=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/piscine-de-stockage-areva-daes-blog-2020.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5661\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/piscine-de-stockage-areva-daes-blog-2020.jpg 896w, https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/piscine-de-stockage-areva-daes-blog-2020-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/piscine-de-stockage-areva-daes-blog-2020-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 896px) 100vw, 896px\" \/>\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Areva - Orano storage pool<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5133e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5133e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h6>THERMAL INERTIA AND RADIATION SHIELDING<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThanks to the high heat transfer to the water and its high heat capacity, this system offers high thermal inertia and keeps the fuel cladding (zircaloy alloy) well below its melting point. This keeps the first containment barrier against radioactive dispersion intact. Pool water also provides good radiological shielding against the radiation emitted by irradiated fuel.<br><br>\n<h5>Dry storage (not used in France)<\/h5>\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h6>PRINCIPLE<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nTemporary storage is a <em> medium- to long-term<\/em> system designed to house spent fuel and high-level waste in the same country for a given period (up to 100 years).\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h6>STORAGE STRUCTURE<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nWaste is generally stored in metal or concrete containers, or in vaults with special heat removal systems. This is only possible after a cooling period in the pools of nuclear power plants (see above). Temporary storage facilities are located on the surface or at relatively shallow depths. They may be located on or off the plant site. In the latter case, irradiated fuel from one or more EPRs may be stored together.\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h6>RADIATION SHIELDING<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThese facilities feature a concrete structure offering radiation shielding and anti-intrusion security.\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h6>LIMIT<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nUnder no circumstances can this solution be considered definitive, nor can it be extended indefinitely.<br><br>\n\n<h5>Storage<\/h5>\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h6><strong> <\/strong><b>GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORIES<\/b><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThis solution involves isolating the waste by interposing a series of layers in storage facilities at depths of around 500 meters. The waste is first introduced into extremely thick metal containers, resistant to corrosion and other forms of degradation for many years. They are then evacuated in tunnels dug into stable geological formations, surrounded by low-permeability soil with a high retention capacity.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94dea20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-raven-image\" data-id=\"94dea20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"raven-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"raven-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"866\" height=\"503\" src=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/stockage-mavl-ha-schema-stockage-Cigeo.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5664\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/stockage-mavl-ha-schema-stockage-Cigeo.jpg 866w, https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/stockage-mavl-ha-schema-stockage-Cigeo-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/stockage-mavl-ha-schema-stockage-Cigeo-768x446.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 866px) 100vw, 866px\" \/>\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">MA-VL HA storage - Cig\u00e9o scheme<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a690f5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a690f5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The containment and isolation of waste is ensured by various elements:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>the container into which the waste is introduced before being placed in the final storage cell.<\/li>\n<li>in some cases, the overpack: an additional sealed package that transforms primary vitrified waste packages into storage or disposal packages.<\/li>\n<li>the natural barrier provided by the receiving rock.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h6>PRINCIPLE OF FINAL STORAGE<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The defining characteristic of final disposal, as opposed to interim storage, is that the objective of waste recovery is not systematic. In other words, the waste disposal facility is closed and sealed, without the need for an additional above-ground operating facility.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h6>WASTE RECOVERY IN QUESTION<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In any case, it is always possible to keep the storage facility and its environment under surveillance for as long as deemed necessary. The plant can be designed so that stored waste can be recovered in the future. ANDRA envisages reversibility of the deep disposal facility for a period of 100 years.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h6>LIMITS<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Deep geological disposal requires safety demonstrations concerning :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The ageing of buried waste packages over several thousand years. The aim is to prove that the rock will retain radioactive species once corrosion has damaged the packaging.<\/li>\n<li>Resistance to geological events such as earthquakes.<\/li>\n<li>The memory of the landfill site. Remembering where waste is located is a key issue. This means transmitting information to many generations of individuals. It is therefore necessary to devise a means of communication that lasts beyond the language, and a communication medium that does not alter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.andra.fr\/cigeo?gclid=Cj0KCQjwo6D4BRDgARIsAA6uN19R3byAFHgeqZYDjAjsLz3RT4L3AjnG9xsToSaWWyBPfPHgP1o3n9UaAtf-EALw_wcB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The different stages of radioactive waste disposal in video I The Cig\u00e9o project<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23e3d04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"23e3d04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/WaKZ1_A4KQU&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd45644 elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-raven-heading\" data-id=\"dd45644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"raven-heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"raven-widget-wrapper\"><h3 class=\"raven-heading raven-heading-h3\"><span class=\"raven-heading-title \">INNOVATIVE PROCESSING SOLUTIONS FOR MA-VL AND HA<\/span><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9d2aa3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9d2aa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h5>A LOW-CARBON FUTURE<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nAt <a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DAES<\/a>, we are sensitive to the challenge of a carbon-free future. With this in mind, we are working with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transmutex.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TRANSMUTEX <\/a>to make the treatment of nuclear waste a priority and to remedy this ultimate limit of nuclear energy.\n<ul><br>\n \t<li>\n<h5>DAES EXPERTISE :<\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThanks to our long-standing expertise in nuclear power, our teams are able to simulate the entire energy cycle, from production to restitution. We support you in the product and process design of your projects: pollution reduction\/control, equipment, energy optimization, compliance with efficiency and regulatory requirements.\n<ul>\n \t<li>Structural analysis<\/li>\n \t<li>Non-linear and contact modeling<\/li>\n \t<li>Impact and explosion<\/li>\n \t<li>Design optimization, noise and vibration, fatigue<\/li>\n \t<li>Motion and system analysis<\/li>\n \t<li>Stress and strain analysis<\/li>\n \t<li>Thermal analysis and heat transfer<\/li>\n \t<li>Acoustics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/contact\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Contact us<\/a> for more information or to schedule a technical meeting with our teams. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/feed\/hashtag\/insimulationwetrust\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">#InSimulationWeTrust.<\/a>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/news-en\/webinar-multiphysics-simulation-ansys-workbench-app-m-fem-code-rcc-m\/\">Discover here our ANSYS APP developed for nuclear equipment dimensioning.<\/a><br><br>\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h5>A RESPONSIBLE AND INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIP<\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transmutex.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transmutex<\/a> solution is a revolutionary nuclear technology based on transmutation. The latter can be performed by accelerator-driven nuclear systems. These coupled systems are known as ADSs (Accelerator Driven Systems). ADS produces fast neutron fluxes to induce actinide fission and transform long-lived nuclear species (a few hundred thousand years) into much shorter-lived species (a few hundred years). This process also generates carbon-free energy. Transmutation of actinides and fission products can be carried out flexibly and very efficiently in accelerator-driven systems.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c3fba6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-raven-image\" data-id=\"2c3fba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"raven-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"raven-image\">\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"936\" height=\"597\" src=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/ADS-using-Cyclotron-transmutex-blog-daes.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5667\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/ADS-using-Cyclotron-transmutex-blog-daes.png 936w, https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/ADS-using-Cyclotron-transmutex-blog-daes-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/ADS-using-Cyclotron-transmutex-blog-daes-768x490.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px\" \/>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13059a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13059a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h5>TRANSMUTATION AND RADIOTOXICITY<\/h5>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nTransmutation of irradiated fuel will reduce its radiotoxicity by a factor of 100, and shorten its storage life as nuclear waste by a factor of 1,000. Starting with a storage horizon of around 200,000 years, the TRANSMUTEX solution would reduce this to 200 years, a more than acceptable timeframe given existing, proven technologies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-789ae9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"789ae9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<h4>WNE 2020 &#8211; For a Low Carbon Society<\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad6e42a elementor-widget elementor-widget-raven-image\" data-id=\"ad6e42a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"raven-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"raven-image\">\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/daes-engineering-company-simulation-wne-2020-paris-stand-k22.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5670\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/daes-engineering-company-simulation-wne-2020-paris-stand-k22.png 400w, https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/daes-engineering-company-simulation-wne-2020-paris-stand-k22-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/daes.pro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/daes-engineering-company-simulation-wne-2020-paris-stand-k22-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9791664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9791664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>\n<p>We&#8217;ll be taking part in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.world-nuclear-exhibition.com\/fr-fr.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WNE 2020<\/a> trade show in the near future, to take part in the current and future challenges facing the nuclear industry, and to present a promising project alongside the Transmutex teams.<\/p>\n<p>To keep up to date with our news and other DAES events, follow our Blog and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/daes-sa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Linkedin<\/a> Page.<\/p>\n<p>For more information about our solutions, please <a href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/contact\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">contact us<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5abfd07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default 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elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook-f elementor-repeater-item-c5d14e2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/artbees\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook-f<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook-f\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-repeater-item-fa3cf75\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/artbees_design?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-dribbble elementor-repeater-item-caf7f1e\" href=\"https:\/\/dribbble.com\/Artbees\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Dribbble<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-dribbble\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-c98a647\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/artbees\/?hl=en\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-instagram\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>MA-VL and HA waste from irradiated fuel in nuclear power plants One of the major challenges facingnuclear energy is the management and storage of high-level, long-lived nuclear waste. They remain dangerously radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years (generally 200,000 years) and require special treatment, regulated by the states that guarantee public safety. In France, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5658,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[144],"tags":[145,163,153,164,166],"etiquettes":[],"class_list":["post-6153","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles-en","tag-cfd-en","tag-design-thinking-engineering-en","tag-electromagnetic-analysis","tag-nuclear","tag-thermomechanics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Manufacture - Jupiter X Templates<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Jupiter X WP Theme&#039;s powerful Manufacture website template with its sleek design, useful elements and lively colors will make your factory and manufacturing company website stand out among the crowd!\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/daes.pro\/en\/articles-en\/everything-you-always-wanted-to-know-about-nuclear-waste-management-but-were-afraid-to-ask\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Manufacture - 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